Category: Life

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U.S. Pet Food Recalls

~ Mr. Breeze ~ Leave a comment

Despite pet food companies emphasis on quality foods for pets, things can go wrong. Here is a list of recent recalls collected from around the web.

Is Your Food Safe? (US)

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kitchen scene with a person washing fresh vegetables
Food Safety

Three main departments help keep food – both for humans and pets – safe in the United States: FSIS, FDA, and CDC.

  • Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS):
    FSIS is part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It makes sure meat, poultry, and egg products are safe to eat, healthy, and labeled and packaged the right way.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
    The FDA protects people’s health by making sure most foods are safe, clean, and labeled correctly. (FSIS handles meat, poultry, and some egg products.) The FDA also checks that medicines, vaccines, medical devices, cosmetics, and supplements are safe. It also regulates tobacco and protects people from harmful radiation.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
    The CDC studies and tracks food-related illnesses. It investigates outbreaks and works to stop them from spreading. The CDC also helps state and local health departments improve how they detect and respond to foodborne illnesses.

FoodSafety.gov is a consumer-friendly gateway to the food safety information provided by these government agencies. The Recalls and Outbreaks page has a list of recent recalls, duplicated below:

Food Safety Recalls

Getting Started with ChatGPT

~ Mr. Breeze ~ Leave a comment

Getting Started with ChatGPT: A Quick Guide for Beginners

Getting Started With ChatGPT
Getting Started With ChatGPT
by ChatGPT and kittehboi

Although ChatGPT can be a hard-hitter, solving tough problems in finance, engineering, math and physics, it can be your personal idea buddy, helper, and teacher too! The more you play with it, the more you’ll discover. Go to ChatGPT.com and give it a try!

Start Simple

Try asking about everyday topics:
“Help me write a short thank-you note.”
“What’s a good dinner recipe with chicken, almonds, and rice?”
“Can you explain gravity like I’m 10 years old?”

Be Clear and Specific

The more specific your question, the better the answer.
Instead of: “Tell me about dogs”
Try: “What’s the best dog breed for apartment living?”

Talk Naturally

You don’t need special commands. Just ask like you would ask a friend:
“What’s a fun book series for teens?”
“How do I make a resume?”

Ask Follow-Up Questions

If the answer isn’t quite right, reword the question.
“Can you explain that in simpler words?”
“What are some examples?”
“Can you show me a shorter version?”

Use ChatGPT for All Kinds of Tasks

Learning and studying: “Summarize the American Revolution.”
Creative writing: “Write a poem about the ocean.”
Brainstorming: “Give me 10 gift ideas for a 12-year-old.”
Planning: “Help me create a budget for vacation.”
Emails and messages: “Draft a professional thank-you email.”

Ask for Help About ChatGPT

You can even ask how to use ChatGPT better:
“What kinds of things can I ask you?”
“What’s the best way to get creative ideas from ChatGPT?”

Enjoy the Journey!

Public Domain Sources

~ Mr. Breeze ~ 1 Comment
Creative workspace for content creation
Content creation using PD Sources by ChatGPT and kittehboi.

🎨 General Public Domain Search Tools

  • Creative Commons – An international nonprofit organization that empowers people to grow and sustain the thriving commons of shared knowledge and culture.
  • Europeana – Discover Europe’s digital cultural heritage.
  • Digital Public Library of America – A platform that brings together many collections of America’s libraries, archives, and museums, and makes them freely available to the world.
  • Library of Congress – Use the largest library in the world online or in person!
  • Internet Archive – A non-profit library of millions of free texts, movies, software, music, websites, and more.

📚 Books & Text

  • Project Gutenberg – A library of over 75,000 free eBooks. The world’s great literature is here, with focus on older works for which U.S. copyright has expired.
  • Internet Archive – Over 20,000,000 freely downloadable books and texts.
  • HathiTrust – Home to millions of digitized books and publications.
  • Standard Ebooks – A collection of high quality, carefully formatted, accessible, open source, and free public domain ebooks that meet or exceed the quality of commercially produced ebooks.
  • Google Books – Find and download over 10 million free books and magazines, primarily classics published before 1925.

🖼 Images & Artwork

  • Wikimedia Commons – Many public domain images (check license)
  • Library of Congress – Search millions of items in many formats and languages.
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Over 492,000 images of public-domain artworks, is available for free and unrestricted use.
  • Rijksmuseum – This innovative platform opens a world of beauty and knowledge, where images, archival sources, stories, and research come together.
  • National Gallery of Art – Free open access image downloads are now available directly from the object pages located on this website. More than 60,000 images are available for download.
  • New York Public Library – Explore 1,070,667 items digitized from The New York Public Library’s collections.

🎼 Music & Audio

  • Musopen – Provides recordings, sheet music, and textbooks to the public for free, without copyright restrictions.
  • Free Music Archive – Free access to open licensed, original music by independent artists around the world.
  • Library of Congress – Use the largest library in the world online or in person!
  • Internet Archive – Recordings ranging from alternative news programming, to Grateful Dead concerts, to Old Time Radio shows, to book and poetry readings, to original music uploaded by our users.

🎥 Film & Video

  • Internet Archive – Digital movies uploaded by Archive users which range from classic full-length films, to daily alternative news broadcasts, to cartoons and concerts.
  • National Archives and Records Administration – Audio-Video and Motion Picture Preservation Labs.
  • Prelinger Archives – Collects, preserves, and facilitates access to films of historic significance that haven’t been collected elsewhere.

📰 U.S. Government Publications

Works created by U.S. federal government employees as part of their job are usually public domain.

  • NASA – Discover our intergalactic multimedia collections.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – The imagery showcased in the PHIL is historic in nature.
  • U.S. Geological Survey – provides access to over 180,000 publications written by USGS scientists over the century-plus history of the bureau.
  • National Park Service – search by keyword, location, or file type (including photos, videos, audio, webcams, and podcasts) and filter for high-quality images.

(Always check each site’s usage guidelines.)

Important Reminder

Even on trusted sites:

  • Always check the license on each item.
  • Confirm it is truly public domain.
  • When in doubt, double-check.

Public domain is powerful — and careful use keeps you safe and professional.

Using Public Domain Content

~ Mr. Breeze ~ Leave a comment
DJ Alfie at work desk
DJ Alfie at Work Desk by ChatGPT and kittehboi.

Understanding What’s Free and Legal

There’s a lot of free content on the internet. Some of it is in the public domain, which means you can use it legally. But you must be careful to understand the rules before you use anything.

Always Check Copyright

Before using any content, make sure it’s really free to use. If something is still protected by copyright, the website owner may get a DCMA Takedown Request telling them to remove the item.

Always confirm:

  • Is the work really public domain?
  • Has the copyright expired?
  • Is there clear proof it is free to use?

If you aren’t sure, don’t use it.

What Is Public Domain?

Public domain works may include:

  • Old books
  • Historical photos
  • Government publications

Public domain content belongs to everyone. You can:

  • Copy it
  • Share it
  • Change it
  • Sell it

You don’t need permission.

Here are some places to look to look for Public Domain content:

Even though you don’t have to give credit for public domain works, it’s still polite to do so.

Find more Public Domain Sources.

What Is Copyleft?

Copyleft content is different from public domain. The creator still owns the work but allows others to use it with some conditions. Many copyleft works use Creative Commons licenses.

Creative Commons licenses often include rules like:

Always read the license carefully.

How to Give Credit (Attribution)

If attribution is required, include:

  • The creator’s name
  • The title of the work
  • Where you found it (link if online)
  • The license name

Example:

File:Longcat (6435769739).jpg, Dwight Sipler from Stow, MA, USA, CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons

This protects you and shows respect for the creator.

Watch Out for Duplicate Content

Search engines can detect copied content. If you use public domain material exactly as it is, your website may not rank well.

Make your work more original and more valuable:

  • Rewrite it in your own words
  • Add your own ideas
  • Combine ideas from several sources
  • Check spelling and grammar
  • Make the tone match your style

What Can You Create with PD Content?

With public domain and properly licensed copyleft content, you can create:

  • Ebooks
  • Print books
  • Blog posts
  • Podcasts
  • Videos
  • Email newsletters

… and more!

In Summary

Public Domain = Free to use.
Copyleft = Free to use, but follow the rules.

Why Animal Testing is Illogical

~ Mr. Breeze ~ Leave a comment

Animal testing is illogical. Although humans and many other species have similar DNA, and though most organ systems are similar, subtle differences make using animal models to test food, drugs and cosmetics unreliable. Here are just three ways animals don’t react the same as humans.

Rats are known to be more resistant to a certain mushroom toxin than humans. Some mushrooms, notably the Fools webcap, contain a nephrotoxin called orellanine. Rats can eat mushrooms that are deadly to humans.
Feeding a food to animals is not a valid test.

In 2006 a new immune system boosting drug, TGN1412, which had been successfully tested in animals, went to human trials. The subjects were only given the equivalent of 1/500th the safe dose for “non-human primates,” macaques. A single amino acid difference between macaque and human DNA caused violent immune system reactions in humans. Within 90 minutes of the injection, the test subjects suffered searing pain. Within a few hours they suffered multiple organ failure. On a positive note, all the test subjects survived.
Giving a drug to animals is not a valid test.

Dogs and cats don’t usually get poison ivy. Most humans are highly allergic to the active ingredient, urushiol oil. Non-primate species can walk through poison ivy and at most get some irritation.
Applying cosmetics to an animal’s skin is not a valid test.

Fortunately, modern medicine has a number of alternatives to animal tests. One promising technology is Organ Chips, tiny devices about the size of a USB memory stick that contain living human cells.

Lots of drugs don’t make it through the animal trials, but who knows whether the drug companies have thrown away the Magic Bullet simply because it didn’t work on animals?

How to Use Social Media Safely

~ Mr. Breeze ~ Leave a comment
Evolution of online communication
Evolution of online communication
by ChatGPT and @kittehboi

A Guide for Anipals

  • Pick the Right App
    Use apps you understand, preferably recommended by trusted friends. Read the app’s Privacy Statement and if you disagree, don’t sign up! Despite what you see on Facebook, it’s not possible to unilaterally override a binding contract by posting that you disagree.
  • Keep Your Info Private
    Don’t share your full name, address, or phone number. Don’t share your email address or your workplace. Make your account private. There are millions of people globally on social media and they aren’t all nice. Most apps have a Settings section where you can pick your privacy, enable or disable notifications, allow AI to train with your posts, manage advertising preferences, and maintain your block list.
  • Use Strong Passwords
    Pick a password no one can guess. Don’t reuse old ones. If you use something obvious like your spouse’s birthday or your pet’s name, anybody who can find that information can guess your password, log in to your account, lock you out, then post terrible things in your name.
  • Think Before You Post
    Never say anything on the internet you wouldn’t want to see spray-painted on the front of your house. This goes for private messages too. Companies may change their privacy policies and expose DMs and profile info. A corollary to this is that unless you delete your posts then your entire account, your posts may show up 5, 10, or even 40 years later.
  • Be Kind
    No name-calling or threats. A reputation can be gone in a minute with a single post. You never know whether deleted posts are really deleted, or whether somebody is screen-capturing conversations. The obverse, of course, is to BLOCK rude people. It’s not worth the aggravation.
  • Don’t Fall for Fake News
    Check before you believe or share a story. Look up the original source on a legitimate, well-known web page. BTW, Wikipedia itself isn’t a reliable web page, but the References at the bottom of the article often are. Bad actors can generate false videos- deepfakes – using AI. Avoid biased pages. Remember, Snopes is your friend.

Links for Further Reading

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), Part Two

~ mizzbassiee6d8a4f66a ~ Leave a comment

This is the second of a two-part series about FIP treatments.

Until recently, no treatment for FIP was possible, and cats with the disease died within days to weeks. Because of the COVID pandemic, interest in coronaviruses increased, resulting in the development and availability of several antiviral drugs. People commonly use four: GS-441524 and its precursor remdesivir, molnupiravir (Lagevrio), and Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir).

The mainstay of treatment is GS-441524. Its mechanism of action is premature RNA chain termination in the virus, preventing viral replication. Doctors give it by mouth once or twice a day. The dose is 15 mg/kg/day given once daily or 20 mg/kg/day divided into two doses if there is neurological or eye involvement. A kilogram (kg) is 2.2 lbs.

In cats that cannot swallow, the veterinarian can administer remdesivir subcutaneously or the medication can replace the first few IV doses. Remdesivir uses the same doses as GS-441524. The optimal duration of treatment is under investigation, but for now, 84 days (12 weeks) of therapy are standard.

There are ongoing studies investigating shorter treatment (6 weeks); the initial results on a group of twenty cats have been favorable. Medication presents substantial costs, and a twelve-week treatment might prove difficult to finance. Therefore, vets plan to assist owners in shortening treatment when they can.

If a cat is clinically doing well (alert, eating) and the lab results have tended towards normal by four weeks, discontinuing treatment at 6 weeks may be reasonable. Once the treatment ends, the veterinarian should examine the cat within one or two weeks, regardless of how long the therapy lasted.

If your cat’s symptoms come back, schedule an earlier check-up, as relapses may occur after 12 weeks of treatment. Research shows that 80% of cats go into remission following treatment. Table 1 shows key milestones for cats undergoing treatment with GS-441524.

AbnormalityExpected time to resolution
Fever/inappetence2-7 days
Effusions1-2 weeks
Blood count abnormalities2-3 weeks
Elevated bilirubin2-3 weeks
Albumin: globulin > 0.66-10 weeks
Eye and neurologic abnormalitiesImprovement by day 5, resolution within 2 weeks


If cats respond poorly to GS-441524 (failing to reach clinical milestones on time), you can also add Paxlovid. It works differently from GS-441524 and may provide a synergistic effect.

Initially, veterinarians administered Molnupiravir as a rescue drug for cats not responding to GS-441524 (not reaching treatment milestones on time), but recent studies use it as the primary treatment. It works by causing multiple mutations in the replicating virus, resulting in its eradication. The dose is 10-15 mg/kg given twice a day.

Since it’s designed for humans, this dosage form is also impractical and can decrease appetite. As a result, it might be necessary to use appetite stimulants or antiemetics. It causes birth defects in rats and cartilage defects in growing humans. Treated cats exhibit folded ear tips, broken whiskers, and flaky skin.

Cats may also experience muscle wasting and elevation of ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase, present in the liver, muscle, kidneys, and other organs).

Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) is two drugs in one. Nirmatrelvir inhibits RNA copying enzymes, and ritonavir slows the degradation of nirmatrelvir in the body. Doctors use it along with GS-441524 or molnupiravir if the response is incomplete. You must be careful if the cat is taking medications eliminated by the same pathway, and you may need to adjust their doses.

Supportive measures include appetite stimulants, pain meds and even a feeding tube if the cat is unable or unwilling to take medications by mouth.

With effective treatment for FIP, inappropriate use of the drugs has inevitably occurred. Reports show that whole litters of kittens received treatment because a vet diagnosed one kitten with FIP or even administered preventative treatment.

Though a Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FeCV) vaccine is available, the American Association of Feline Practitioners does not recommend it. You must vaccinate the cat before FeCV infects it, but this is impossible because many kittens contract the infection before they can receive the vaccine at 14 weeks old. Further, immunity wanes with time.

There is currently work ongoing on an effective vaccine.

Finally, a word on the FIV on Cyprus. Reports conflict regarding the prevalence, though FIP is more widespread elsewhere. One source estimates that 30% of the feral cats in Cyprus have died of the disease. Twenty-eight percent of the affected cats have nervous system involvement, compared to 14% of FIP cats elsewhere. The malady infects felines of every age, not merely juvenile ones.

DNA sequencing has shown that the virus responsible is a recombination between the feline and canine coronaviruses.

The alarming property of this virus is that it is transmissible between cats. Folks from the United Kingdom and Europe have adopted feline companions while on holiday in Cyprus. At least one cat like that has developed FIP. It presents a risk regarding worldwide, European spread of the mutant virus.

Footnotes and further reading/listening

  1. Conference Proceedings: Am College Vet Internal Med Forum; ACVIM 2023. Sally J. Coggins
  2. Pedersen, N. et al., J, Feline Med Surg. 2019 Feb 13; 21(4):271-281. Efficacy and Safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis.
  3. Coggins, S.J. et al., J Vet Intern Med. 2023 Sep-Oct; 37(5): 1772-1783. Epub 2023 Jul 13. Outcomes of treatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis using parenterally administered remdesivir, with or without transition to orally administered GS-441524.
  4. Taylor, S., Talk at the International Society for companion Animal Infectious Disease meeting 2024. An Update on Treatment of FIP Using Antiviral Drugs in 2024: Growing Experience but Still More to Learn.
  5. Coggins, S.J., Talk at the American College of Vet Int Med meeting 2023. Updates in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treatment.
  6. Felten, S. et al., J Feline Med Surg. 2017 Apr; 19(4): 321-335. Detection of feline coronavirus spike gene mutations as a tool to diagnose FIP.
  7. Sorrell, S., Tasker, S., Taylor, S., Barker, E., Gunn-Moore, D.: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Information for Cat owners. Stokes Pharmacy website: https://www.stokespharmacy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Pet-Owner-Brochure-Printable-Version.pdf
  8. Thayer, V. et al., J Feline Med Surg. 2022 Sep; 24(9):905-933. 2022 AAFP/Every Cat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines.
  9. https://bova.vet/
  10. https://www.stokespharmacy.com/stokes-bova-partner-for-feline-infectious-peritonitis-treatment/
  11. https://www.stokespharmacy.com/fip/cat-owner-resources/
  12. https://bova.vet/fip-resource-page/#FIP-Webinars
  13. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/feline-infectious-peritonitis
  14. https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=11618072
  15. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip
    16.Merck Veterinary Manual, 11th edition, 2016, pp. 782-790
    17.https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/tags/feline-infectious-peritonitis/
  16. https://ccah.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk4586/files/inline-files/Inappropriate%20use%20of%20GS.pdf
  17. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566182v3.full.pdf . Attipa, C., Warr, A. et al. BioRxiv preprint 3 Sep 2024: Emergence and spread of feline infectious peritonitis due to a highly pathogenic canine/feline recombinant coronavirus.
  18. https://thewebinarvet.com/videos/what-you-should-know-about-fcov-23-and-the-outbreak-of-fip-in-cyprus
  19. Gao, Y. et al: Virus Research V 326, March 2023: An updated review of feline coronavirus: mind the two biotypes

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

~ mizzbassiee6d8a4f66a ~ 1 Comment

This is the first of a two-part series about FIP.
Part one outlines what FIP is and several methods used for a possible diagnosis.

FIP is a viral disease of cats that was almost uniformly lethal until recently. A recently discovered effective treatment is now available to veterinarians in the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and most of Europe.

The virus responsible for FIP is Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (FIPV), which is a mutated form of Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FeCV). FIPV is an RNA virus, so it encodes its genetic information in RNA instead of in DNA. It is a common misconception that FeCV is the same virus responsible for causing COVID in humans. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, while also a coronavirus, differs from FeCV, which does not cause COVID.

The current consensus is that dogs and cats do not develop disease from infection with SARS-CoV-2 and do not transmit infection to other animals or people.

FeCV is commonly present in the digestive tract of cats. Infection is typically asymptomatic or causes several days of diarrhea or mild upper respiratory symptoms, like sneezing and congestion. The virus spreads through feces, saliva, and possibly sneezing. Cats that share litter boxes and groom each other are at risk of being infected, which is why infection is more common in multi-cat households, shelters, catteries, and pet stores. In these situations, the FeCV infection affects 74-100% of cats.

In 5-12% of FeCV cases, the virus mutates into a form that can leave the intestine and infect white blood cells. This type is known as the Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (FIPV). 3-10% of cats infected with FIPV develop FIP. It is still unclear why only some cats are affected.

In a newly diagnosed cat with FIP, there is often a history of a stressful event (e.g., re-homing, relocation, or new household member, surgery, or corticosteroid use weeks before illness onset. The disease affects 0.3-1.4% of cats worldwide.

FIP can also affect African lions, mountain lions, leopards, cheetahs, jaguars, lynx, servals, caracals, European wildcats, sand cats, Pallas’ cats, and almost all other large cats.

In cats affected by FIP, the virus causes an intense inflammatory reaction in blood vessels, where infected cells typically settle in the abdomen, kidney, or brain, but they may also settle anywhere.

The disease takes two forms: the “wet” (effusive) form is acute, and the “dry” (non-effusive) form is more slowly progressive, though the two types often overlap. Some experts question the usefulness of classifying the disease as wet or dry. The dry form may progress to the wet form.

In the wet form, reactive fluid leaks out of damaged blood vessels, causing effusions inside body cavities such as the abdomen (peritoneal effusion) with increased abdominal girth. Effusion in the chest cavity (pleural effusion) or around the heart (pericardial effusion) can cause difficulty breathing, and muffled breath or heart sounds.

In rare cases, effusion involves the scrotum. Inflammation in the abdomen may cause organs to adhere and cause a palpable mass. Common symptoms also include lethargy, loss of appetite, and weight loss (or failure to thrive in a kitten), and a fluctuating fever.

Cats may also present with jaundice, enlarged lymph nodes, and lameness because of tissue involvement surrounding the joints. A vet may observe fluffy-looking white plaques along blood vessels, which are white cell accumulations on a retinal exam, which is less common than in the dry form.

Multiple areas of white cell accumulation in various organs, including the kidney, liver, intestine, brain, and eyes, characterize dry or non-effusive FIP. Abdominal organs and lymph nodes may also become enlarged. Involvement of the intestine may cause palpable thickening, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. There may be intermittent fever. Eye involvement may be the only abnormality seen.

Each of the above signs is not unique to FIP. You must also consider other diseases, including septic peritonitis or pleuritis (a bacterial infection inside the peritoneal or pleural sac), cancer, such as lymphoma or histiocytic sarcoma, infection with Toxoplasma, Bartonella or mycobacteria, pancreatitis, primary myocarditis, congestive heart failure, primary Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia, and primary liver disease.

There is currently no single test for FIP. In a laboratory investigation, white blood cells may be high and red blood cells low. A high serum protein is frequent, but the albumin is low. The serum protein elevation is due to high gamma globulins. This results in an abnormal albumin to globulin (A:G) ratio. Normally, there is more albumin than gamma globulin in the blood. (A:G is greater than 1).

This ratio often inverts to FIP (both wet and dry), and it aids in diagnosis. An A:G ratio of less than 0.4 makes FIP more likely, while a ratio of over 0.8 makes it less likely. High bilirubin (the yellow pigment in jaundice) and jaundice itself are common, as are mild elevations in transaminases (“liver enzymes”). BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) might be high. The Rivalta test, a bedside test on the fluid obtained from an effusion, is positive. AGP (alpha-1-acid glycoprotein) is sensitive and specific for FIP; FIP is if AGP is over 1000 mg/dL.

A low titer of anti-coronavirus antibodies might not be useful in the diagnosis because the body could use the antibodies to fight the infection.

The “gold standard” of FIP diagnosis is immunocytochemistry on effusion fluid or immunohistochemistry on tissue obtained by biopsy. In this test, they stain cells or tissue with fluorescent dye attached to an anti-FIPV antibody and then wash away the excess antibody. Antibody uptake causes affected cells to fluoresce, which confirms the FIP diagnosis. Unfortunately, these are invasive tests that are not always possible to perform on a sick kitten.

Footnotes and further reading/listening

  1. Conference Proceedings: Am College Vet Internal Med Forum; ACVIM 2023. Sally J. Coggins
  2. Pedersen, N. et al., J, Feline Med Surg. 2019 Feb 13; 21(4):271-281. Efficacy and Safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis.
  3. Coggins, S.J. et al., J Vet Intern Med. 2023 Sep-Oct; 37(5): 1772-1783. Epub 2023 Jul 13. Outcomes of treatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis using parenterally administered remdesivir, with or without transition to orally administered GS-441524.
  4. Taylor, S., Talk at the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Disease meeting 2024. An Update on Treatment of FIP Using Antiviral Drugs in 2024: Growing Experience but Still More to Learn.
  5. Coggins, S.J., Talk at the American College of Vet Int Med meeting 2023. Updates in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treatment.
  6. Felten, S. et al., J Feline Med Surg. 2017 Apr; 19(4): 321-335. Detection of feline coronavirus spike gene mutations as a tool to diagnose FIP.
  7. Sorrell, S., Tasker, S., Taylor, S., Barker, E., Gunn-Moore, D.: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Information for Cat owners. Stokes Pharmacy website: https://www.stokespharmacy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Pet-Owner-Brochure-Printable-Version.pdf
  8. Thayer, V. et al., J Feline Med Surg. 2022 Sep; 24(9):905-933. 2022 AAFP/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines.
  9. https://bova.vet/
  10. https://www.stokespharmacy.com/stokes-bova-partner-for-feline-infectious-peritonitis-treatment/
  11. https://www.stokespharmacy.com/fip/cat-owner-resources/
  12. https://bova.vet/fip-resource-page/#FIP-Webinars
  13. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/feline-infectious-peritonitis
  14. https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=11618072
  15. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip
    16.Merck Veterinary Manual, 11th edition, 2016, pp. 782-790
    17.https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/tags/feline-infectious-peritonitis/
  16. https://ccah.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk4586/files/inline-files/Inappropriate%20use%20of%20GS.pdf
  17. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566182v3.full.pdf . Attipa, C., Warr, A. et al. BioRxiv preprint 3 Sep 2024: Emergence and spread of feline infectious peritonitis due to a highly pathogenic canine/feline recombinant coronavirus.
  18. https://thewebinarvet.com/videos/what-you-should-know-about-fcov-23-and-the-outbreak-of-fip-in-cyprus
  19. Gao, Y. et al: Virus Research V 326, March 2023: An updated review of feline coronavirus: mind the two biotypes.